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Permeability and thermal conductivity of host compressed natural graphite for consolidated activated

Bo TIAN, Liwei WANG, Zhequan JIN, Ruzhu WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 159-165 doi: 10.1007/s11708-011-0145-y

摘要： Permeability and thermal conductivity test units were set up to study the heat and mass transfer performance of the host material, i.e. expanded natural graphite (ENG), for consolidated activated carbon (AC) adsorbent. The permeability was tested with nitrogen as the gas source, and the thermal conductivity was studied using steady-state heat source method. The results showed that the values of permeability and thermal conductivity were 10 to 10 m and 1.7 to 3.2 W/(m·K), respectively, while the density compressed expanded natural graphite (CENG) varied from 100 to 500 kg/m . The permeability decreased with the increasing density of CENG, whereas the thermal conductivity increased with the increasing density of CENG. Then the thermal conductivity and permeability of granular AC were researched. It was discovered that the thermal conductivity of samples with different grain size almost kept constant at 0.36 W/(m·K) while the density was approximately 600 kg/m . This means that the thermal conductivity was not related to the grain size of AC. The thermal conductivity of CENG was improved by 5 to 10 times compared with that of granular AC. Such a result showed that CENG was a promising host material for AC to improve the heat transfer performance, while the mass transfer performance should be considered in different conditions for utilization of adsorbent.

关键词： permeability thermal conductivity expanded nature graphite activated carbon

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On corrosion to stainless steel by calcium chloride with different extender

Lv XU, Yuanyang HU, Liwei WANG, Ruzhu WANG,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第2期页码 181-184 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0065-2

摘要： A calcium chloride solution with a different extender, which is made up of either pure calcium chloride, calcium chloride with expanded graphite, or calcium chloride with activated carbon, acts differently on stainless steel. The mass ratio between calcium chloride with expanded graphite or activated carbon is almost 4∶1, which is demonstrated to be the optimum ratio. The experimental research in this paper reveals that, of the three solutions, which are pure calcium chloride, calcium chloride with expanded graphite, and calcium chloride with activated carbon, the strongest oxidation creation and pitting corrosion happened in the solution of calcium chloride with expanded graphite, the weakest oxidation creation happened in the solution of calcium chloride with activated carbon, and pitting corrosion was stronger than oxidation creation in the solution of pure calcium chloride. This paper gives the reasons for these phenomena. Furthermore, based on theory analysis, multiple means and approaches are provided to prevent stainless steel from further corroding.

关键词： stainless steel corrosion calcium chloride expanded graphite activated carbon oxidation creation pitting corrosion

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Preparing graphene from anode graphite of spent lithium-ion batteries

Wenxuan Zhang, Zhanpeng Liu, Jing Xia, Feng Li, Wenzhi He, Guangming Li, Juwen Huang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第5期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0993-8

摘要： With extensive use of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), amounts of LIBs were discarded, giving rise to growth of resources demand and environmental risk. In view of wide usage of natural graphite and the high content (12%–21%) of anode graphite in spent LIBs, recycling anode graphite from spent LIBs cannot only alleviate the shortage of natural graphite, but also promote the sustainable development of related industries. After calcined at 600°Cfor 1 h to remove organic substances, anode graphite was used to prepare graphene by oxidation-reduction method. Effect of pH and N2H4·H2O amount on reduction of graphite oxide were probed. Structure of graphite, graphite oxide and graphene were characterized by XRD, Raman and FTIR. Graphite oxide could be completely reduced to graphene at pH 11 and 0.25 mL N2H4·H2O. Due to the presence of some oxygen-containing groups and structure defects in anode graphite, concentrated H2SO4 and KMnO4 consumptions were 40% and around 28.6% less than graphene preparation from natural graphite, respectively.

关键词： Spent LIBs Graphite Graphite oxide Grapheme

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Electro-catalytic activity of CeO modified graphite felt for carbamazepine degradation via E-peroxone

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1410-x

摘要：

•CeO_x/GF-EP process had the better degradation efficiency than GF-EP process.

关键词： E-peroxone CeO_x Graphite felt Carbamazepine Mineralization

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Performance of activated carbon coated graphite bipolar electrodes on capacitive deionization method

Hossein D. Atoufi, Hasti Hasheminejad, David J. Lampert

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1278-1

摘要： Abstract • Graphite bipolar electrodes act as an appropriate bed for the CDI process. • Activated carbon Coating improves the application of the electrodes. • CDI is an environmentally friendly method to apply for brackish water. • Initial concentration is the most important parameter in the CDI method. • CDI process in a batch-mode setup needs more development. This research investigates a capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction in a batch reactor as a new approach for desalination. Reductions of cost and energy compared with conventional desalination methods are the significant advantages of this approach. In this research, experiments were performed with a pair of graphite bipolar electrodes that were coated with a one-gram activated carbon solution. After completing preliminary tests, the impacts of four parameters on electrical conductivity reduction, including (1) the initial concentration of feed solution, (2) the duration of the tests, (3) the applied voltage, and (4) the pH of the solution, were examined. The results show that the maximum efficiency of electrical conductivity reduction in this laboratory-scale reactor is about 55%. Furthermore, the effects of the initial concentration of feed solution are more significant than the other parameters. Thus, using the capacitive deionization method for water desalination with low and moderate salt concentrations (i.e., brackish water) is proposed as an affordable method. Compared with conventional desalination methods, capacitive deionization is not only more efficient but also potentially more environmentally friendly.

关键词： Capacitive deionization (CDI) Desalination Electrical conductivity (EC) Graphite bipolar electrode Activated carbon coated (ACC)

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石墨资源及材料产业高质量发展战略研究

孙传尧 ,申士富 ,王文利 ,袁国辉 ,黄正宏 ,张以河

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第3期页码 29-39 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.03.004

摘要：

天然石墨是一种由新制备及应用技术引领发展的新技术矿产，是支撑我国战略性新兴产业发展的重要原材料。本文分析了石墨资源及材料产业高质量发展的需求，总结了我国石墨资源及材料产业的发展现状，分析了我国石墨产业高质量发展的潜力和面临的主要问题，提出了我国石墨资源及材料产业下一步发展的目标。在此基础上，本文提出了石墨资源及材料产业高质量发展的举措，包括以石墨精深加工为中心布局技术创新体系；优化资源配置，加快发展绿色石墨企业及绿色石墨矿山；加强平台能力建设，夯实产业链供应链技术创新基础；重点突破石墨烯独特物性的专属应用，避免过度宣传。研究建议，健全我国石墨全产业链及供应链数据库，建立长期支持我国石墨产业高质量发展的政策机制，加快资源整合及“国际石墨谷”建设，规划布局创新能力平台和加强人才培养。

关键词：石墨；石墨深加工；石墨精矿；石墨烯；氟化石墨

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Flow and thermal modeling of liquid metal in expanded microchannel heat sink

《能源前沿（英文）》页码 796-810 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0877-5

摘要： Liquid metal-based microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) suffer from the low heat capacity of coolant, resulting in an excessive temperature rise of coolant and heat sink when dealing with high-power heat dissipation. In this paper, it was found that expanded space at the top of fins could distribute the heat inside microchannels, reducing the temperature rise of coolant and heat sink. The orthogonal experiments revealed that expanding the top space of channels yielded similar temperature reductions to changing the channel width. The flow and thermal modeling of expanded microchannel heat sink (E-MCHS) were analyzed by both using the 3-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation and the 1-dimensional (1D) thermal resistance model. The fin efficiency of E-MCHS was derived to improve the accuracy of the 1D thermal resistance model. The heat conduction of liquid metal in Z direction and the heat convection between the top surface of fins and the liquid metal could reduce the total thermal resistance (R_t). The above process was effective for microchannels with low channel aspect ratio, low mean velocity (U_m) or long heat sink length. The maximum thermal resistance reduction in the example of this paper reached 36.0%. The expanded space endowed the heat sink with lower pressure, which might further reduce the pumping power (P). This rule was feasible both when fins were truncated (h₂ < 0, h₂ is the height of expanded channel for E-MCHS) and when over plate was raised (h₂ > 0).

关键词： liquid metal cooling heat sink expanded microchannel flow and thermal modeling

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Reliability mesh convergence analysis by introducing expanded control variates

Alireza GHAVIDEL, Mohsen RASHKI, Hamed GHOHANI ARAB, Mehdi AZHDARY MOGHADDAM

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 1012-1023 doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0631-6

摘要： The safety evaluation of engineering systems whose performance evaluation requires finite element analysis is a challenge in reliability theory. Recently, Adjusted Control Variates Technique (ACVAT) has proposed by the authors to solve this issue. ACVAT uses the results of a finite element method (FEM) model with coarse mesh density as the control variates of the model with fine mesh and efficiently solves FEM-based reliability problems. ACVAT however does not provide any results about the reliability-based mesh convergence of the problem, which is an important tool in FEM. Mesh-refinement analysis allows checking whether the numerical solution is sufficiently accurate, even though the exact solution is unknown. In this study, by introducing expanded control variates (ECV) formulation, ACVAT is improved and the capabilities of the method are also extended for efficient reliability mesh convergence analysis of FEM-based reliability problems. In the present study, the FEM-based reliability analyses of four practical engineering problems are investigated by this method and the corresponding results are compared with accurate results obtained by analytical solutions for two problems. The results confirm that the proposed approach not only handles the mesh refinement progress with the required accuracy, but it also reduces considerably the computational cost of FEM-based reliability problems.

关键词： finite element reliability mesh convergence analysis expanded control variates

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The development of ultralightweight expanded perlite-based thermal insulation panel using alkali activator

Damla Nur ÇELİK; Gökhan DURMUŞ

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第11期页码 1486-1499 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0881-6

摘要： The International Energy Agency (IEA) states that global energy consumption will increase by 53% by 2030. Turkey has 70% of the world’s perlite reserves, and in order to reduce energy consumption a thermal insulation panel was developed in Turkey using different particle sizes of expanded perlite (EP). In this study, 0–1.18 mm (powder) and 0–3 mm (granular) EP particle sizes were selected, since they have the lowest thermal conductivity coefficients among all the particle sizes. In addition, an alkali activator solution was used as a binder in the mixtures. The alkaline activator solution was obtained by mixing sodium hydroxide solution (6, 8, 10, and 12 mol·L⁻¹) and sodium silicate (Module 3) at the different ratios of Na₂SiO₃ to NaOH of 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5. This study aimed to experimentally determine the optimum binder and distribution ratio of EP, with the lowest coefficient of thermal conductivity and the lowest density. The lowest thermal conductivity and the lowest density were determined as 0.04919 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ and 133.267 kg/m³, respectively, in the sample prepared with 83.33% powder-size EP, 6 mol·L⁻¹ sodium hydroxide solution, and ratio of Na₂SiO₃ to NaOH of 1.5. The density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength of the sample showed the same trends of behavior when the Na₂SiO₃ to NaOH ratio was increased. In addition, the highest compressive strength was measured in 12 mol·L⁻¹ NaOH concentration regardless of particle size. In conclusion, the study predicts that the EP-based thermal insulation panel can be used as an insulation material in the construction industry according to the TS825 Thermal Insulation Standard.

关键词： expanded perlite alkali activator thermal insulation panel thermal conductivity

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Recent advances toward high voltage, EC-free electrolytes for graphite-based Li-ion battery

Tong Zhang, Elie Paillard

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第3期页码 577-591 doi: 10.1007/s11705-018-1758-z

摘要：

Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology in today’s world and improving their performances requires, in many cases, the use of cathodes operating above the anodic stability of state-of-the-art electrolytes based on ethylene carbonate (EC) mixtures. EC, however, is a crucial component of electrolytes, due to its excellent ability to allow graphite anode operation–also required for high energy density batteries–by stabilizing the electrode/electrolyte interface. In the last years, many alternative electrolytes, aiming at allowing high voltage battery operation, have been proposed. However, often, graphite electrode operation is not well demonstrated in these electrolytes. Thus, we review here the high voltage, EC-free alternative electrolytes, focusing on those allowing the steady operation of graphite anodes. This review covers electrolyte compositions, with the widespread use of additives, the change in main lithium salt, the effect of anion (or Li salt) concentration, but also reports on graphite protection strategies, by coatings or artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) or by use of water-soluble binder for electrode processing as these can also enable the use of graphite in electrolytes with suboptimal intrinsic SEI formation ability.

关键词： lithium-ion electrolyte solid electrolyte interphase additives high voltage graphite

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Oxidation performance of graphite material in reactors

LUO Xiaowei, YU Xinli, YU Suyuan

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 471-474 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0074-6

摘要： Graphite is used as a structural material and moderator for high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR). When a reactor is in operation, graphite oxidation influences the safety and operation of the reactor because of the impurities in the coolant and/or the accident conditions, such as water ingress and air ingress. In this paper, the graphite oxidation process is introduced, factors influencing graphite oxidation are analyzed and discussed, and some new directions for further study are pointed out.

关键词： ingress accident oxidation coolant moderator

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硝酸铵膨化技术及应用

吕春绪

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第2期页码 60-63

摘要：

硝酸铵膨化技术是一创新技术，创新设计的指导思想是硝酸铵自敏化，硝酸铵自敏化的提出是对国内外传统方法的突破。实施自敏化的技术途径是硝酸铵的膨化，其实质是表面活性技术在粉状炸药中的应用，是一个强制析晶的物理化学过程。文章重点讨论了硝酸铵膨化机理及膨化硝酸铵的技术特征，显示其独特的优点。硝酸铵膨化技术主要应用是岩石膨化硝铵炸药，给出了岩石膨化硝铵炸药的爆炸与物理特征数据，并与其它工业炸药做了比较。同时也推广应用在煤矿许用型炸药中。

关键词：膨化硝酸铵岩石炸药微结构机理

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Application of the expanded distinct element method for the study of crack growth in rock-like materials

Lei YANG, Yujing JIANG, Bo LI, Shucai LI, Yang GAO

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 121-131 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0151-0

摘要： The expanded distinct element method (EDEM) was used to investigate the crack growth in rock-like materials under uniaxial compression. The tensile-shear failure criterion and the Griffith failure criterion were implanted into the EDEM to determine the initiation and propagation of pre-existing cracks, respectively. Uniaxial compression experiments were also performed with the artificial rock-like samples to verify the validity of the EDEM. Simulation results indicated that the EDEM model with the tensile-shear failure criterion has strong capabilities for modeling the growth of pre-existing cracks, and model results have strong agreement with the failure and mechanical properties of experimental samples. The EDEM model with the Griffith failure criterion can only simulate the splitting failure of samples due to tensile stresses and is incapable of providing a comprehensive interpretation for the overall failure of rock masses. Research results demonstrated that sample failure primarily resulted from the growth of single cracks (in the form of tensile wing cracks and shear secondary cracks) and the coalescence of two cracks due to the growth of wing cracks in the rock bridge zone. Additionally, the inclination angle of the pre-existing crack clearly influences the final failure pattern of the samples.

关键词： expanded distinct element method (EDEM) crack growth rock-like material tensile-shear failure criterion Griffith failure criterion mechanical and failure behavior

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膨化硝酸铵自敏化理论研究

吕春绪

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第11期页码 73-77

摘要：

膨化硝酸铵自敏化理论是膨化技术发明的核心，它是基于热点理论把微气泡植入硝酸铵炸药中。微气泡临界热点温度热力学计算为自敏化提供理论依据。与普通硝酸铵及珍珠岩相比较，微气泡在膨化硝酸铵内适当的分布为自敏化成功提供了有力的保证。

关键词：膨化硝酸铵自敏化微气泡

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Promoting Si-graphite composite anodes with SWCNT additives for half and NCM811 full lithium ion batteries

Jingning SHAN, Xiaofang YANG, Chao YAN, Yiguang JU, Lin CHEN, Fang ZHAO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 626-635 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0650-y

摘要： Single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) additives were formulated into µm-Si-graphite composite electrodes and tested in both half cells and full cells with high nickel cathodes. The critical role of small amount of SWCNT addition (0.2 wt%) was found for significantly improving delithiation capacity, first cycle coulombic efficiency (FCE), and capacity retention. Particularly, Si (10 wt%)-graphite electrode exhibits 560 mAh/g delithiation capacity and 92% FCE at 0.2 C during the first charge-discharge cycle, and 91% capacity retention after 50 cycles (0.5 C) in a half cell. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to illustrate the electrode morphology, compositions and promoting function of the SWCNT additives. In addition, full cells assembled with high nickel-NCM811 cathodes and µm-Si-graphite composite anodes were evaluated for the consistence between half and full cell performance, and the consideration for potential commercial application. Finally, criteria to assess Si-containing anodes are proposed and discussed from an industrial perspective.

关键词： lithium-ion battery Si anode Si-graphite composite single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) NCM811